Basic Intransitivity : a Typologically Relevant Feature of Indo-aryan Indo-aryan Linguistic

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The paper deals with the status of intransitivity in the global economy of the language in Hindi/Urdu. While arguing for the basic character of intransitive basis (on morphonological and syntactic grounds), in the first section, I also show (second section) that the behaviour of reflexive pronouns and emphatics in Hindi/Urdu is typical of languages which display a single base for both uses (reflexive /emphatic) and never use it for decreasing verbal valence, as opposed to languages which use the reflexive to form an middle voice derived from transitive verbs. The argument structure in Hindi/Urdu (including the reshaping of arguments and roles in modal statements), analysed in the third section, suggests that semantic roles are strictly constrained in transitive sentences, and that intransitive sentences allow for a variety of " atypical " agents, apart from the well-known non agentive patterns (experiencer, localizer, etc.). It can be concluded from such facts that the basic pattern for simple sentences is not the transitive one but the intransitive one, in contrast with the prototypical transitive event with cause and result (represented by the canonical two place predicate (with agent and patient) as it is usually assumed on the basis of European languages. Résumé L'article traite du statut de l'intransitivité en hindi/ourdou. La première section montre que les bases intransitives sont primaires par rapport aux bases transitives, sur la base d'arguments d'ordre morphonologiques et dérivationnels. La seconde section résume le comportement des pronoms réfléchis et emphatiques et montre que, si un morphème réfléchi n'est jamais utilisé comme opérateur de réflexivation du verbe et de voix moyenne (s'amuser, se laver, s'imaginer, se casser), comme dans les langues qui ont la même forme pour le réfléchi et l'emphaque, c'est que la base intransitive en hindi/ourdou sert précisément à représenter les procès médio-passifs, anticausatifs, rélféchis. La structure argumentale des verbes transitifs et intransitifs est par ailleurs strictement contrainte par les rôles sémantiques du ou des participants, y compris dans les restructurations modales (section 3), qui impliquent un « agent » atypique en ce qu'il est dépourvu du trait de volonté, ou de contrôle, ou, quand il n'y a pas procès d'action, un expérient ou un possesseur à l'oblique. On peut conclure de tels faits que le modèle de base de la phrase simple à deux participants n'est pas la phrase transitive en hindi, en contraste avec le prototype de la phrase d'action à agent – patient, invoqué comme …

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تاریخ انتشار 2012